ON UNBOUNDED SOLUTIONS OF ERGODIC PROBLEMS IN R^m FOR VISCOUS HAMILTON-JACOBI EQUATIONS

International audienceIn this article we study ergodic problems in the whole space R m for viscous Hamilton-Jacobi Equations in the case of locally Lips-chitz continuous and coercive right-hand sides. We prove in particular the existence of a critical value λ * for which (i) the ergodic problem has solutions for all λ ≤ λ * , (ii) bounded from below solutions exist and are associated to λ * , (iii) such solutions are unique (up to an additive constant). We obtain these properties without additional assumptions in the superquadratic case, while, in the subquadratic one, we assume the right-hand side to behave like a power. These results are slight generalizations of analogous results by N. Ichihara but they are proved in the present paper by partial differential equations methods, contrarily to N. Ichihara who is using a combination of pde technics with probabilistic arguments

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation can be Associated with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS)

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are rare vascular anomalies. Alternative designations are pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae or aneurysms. Although mostly asymptomatic, PAVMs can cause respiratory symptoms due to right-to-left shunt. The central nervous system is a potential target for complications, including stroke, as a result of paradoxical embolism. In this report, the authors describe an unusual case of cerebral emboli caused by paradoxical embolism through a PAVM, presenting with a broad pathology including orthodeoxia, central cyanosis and digital clubbing, which should be kept in mind since misdiagnosis may cause severe morbidity in young adults

Ambrosiinae e Helianthinae (Heliantheae - Asteraceae) na Amazônia Legal brasileira.

O trabalho apresenta o tratamento taxonômico das espécies das subtribos Ambrosiinae e Helianthinae, pertencentes a tribo Heliantheae (Asteraceae), na Amazônia Legal brasileira. São apresentadas chaves de identificação, descrições, ilustrações detalhadas, comentários e distribuição geográfica das espécies. Foram encontrados três gêneros em Ambrosiinae, totalizando quatro espécies e dois gêneros em Helianthinae, somando sete espécies. Aldama kunthiana e A. grandiflora figuram como novos registros para o estado do Tocantins e A. oblongifolia como nova ocorrência para o Acre. Parthenium hysterophorus foi registrado pela primeira vez no estado do Amazonas.The work presents a taxonomic treatment of the subtribes Ambrosiinae and Helianthinae, belonging to the tribe Heliantheae (Asteraceae), in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. We present identification keys, descriptions, detailed illustrations, comments and geographical distribution of the species. Three genera were found in Ambrosiinae, totaling four species and two genera for Helianthinae, adding seven species. Aldama kunthiana and A. grandiflora appear as new records for the state of Tocantins and A. oblongifolia as a new occurrence for Acre. Parthenium hysterophorus was first recorded in the state of Amazonas

Anti-Sporothrix spp. activity of medicinal plants

Cases of sporotrichosis in humans and animals without satisfactory clinical response have increased, a warning sign of strains resistant to conventional antifungal agents. The urgent search for alternative therapies was an incentive for research on medicinal plants with anti-Sporothrix spp. properties. A bibliographic survey was performed based on scientific papers about in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of essential oils and extracts of plants in differents solvents against the fungal of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. The study methodology consisted of a literature review in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Bireme and Springer link with papers from 1986 to 2015. We found 141 species of plants that were investigated, of which 100 species were concentrated in 39 botanical families that had confirmed anti-Sporothrix activity. Combretaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae represented the botanical families with the greatest number of plants species with antifungal potential, using different methodologies. However, there are few studies with medicinal plants in experimental infection in animals that prove their activity in the treatment of sporotrichosis. It reinforces the need for further research related to standardization of in vitro methodologies and in vivo studies related to safety and to toxicity potential of these plants with anti-Sporothrix spp. activity.Casos de esporotricose em humanos e animais sem resposta clínica satisfatória têm aumentado, sinal de alarme para o surgimento de cepas resistentes aos antifúngicos convencionais. A urgente busca por alternativas terapêuticas tem incentivado as pesquisas em plantas medicinais com atividade anti-Sporothrix spp. Um levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado com base em artigos científicos sobre a atividade antifúngica in vitro e in vivo de óleos essenciais e extratos de plantas preparados em diferentes solventes contra o complexo Sporothrix schenckii. A metodologia do estudo consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica em Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Bireme e Springer link com artigos desde 1986 até 2015. Foram encontradas 141 espécies de plantas já investigadas, das quais 100 espécies concentradas em 39 famílias botânicas apresentaram atividade anti-Sporothrix spp. confirmada. Combretaceae, Asteraceae e Lamiaceae representaram as famílias botânicas com maior número de espécies vegetais com potencial antifúngico, empregando diferentes metodologias. Entretanto, há poucos estudos com plantas medicinais em infecção experimental animal comprovando sua atividade no tratamento da esporotricose. Reforçase a necessidade de mais pesquisas relacionadas à padronização de metodologias in vitro e a estudos in vivo relacionados à segurança e potencial tóxico dessas plantas com atividade anti Sporothrix spp

Efeitos dos óleos essenciais de Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. e Origanum vulgare Linn. de diferentes origens em Sporothrix brasiliensis e complexo Sporothrix schenckii

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) are known to have antimicrobial properties, but studies on sporotrichosis are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Sporothrix spp. activity of essential oils from commercial products and oils extracted from aerial parts of these plants and analyze their chemical constituents. S. schenckii complex and S. brasiliensis (n: 25) isolated from humans, cats, dogs, and environmental soil were tested through M27-A3 guidelines of CLSI with modification for phytotherapics. The essential oils of R. officinalis L. were similar for MIC50 and MFC50 ≤2.25mg/mL for extracted oil; and 4.5mg/mL and 9mg/mL, respectively, for commercial oil. Both products showed MIC90 of 18mg/mL and MFC90 of 36mg/mL. In O. vulgare L., the extracted oil had better activity with MIC50 and MFC50 ≤2.25mg/mL, and MIC90 and MFC90 of 4.5mg/mL, whereas the commercial oil showed MIC50 and MFC50 of 9mg/mL and MIC90 18mg/mL, respectively, and MFC90 of 36mg/mL. Through gas chromatography (CG/FID), thymol and α-terpinene were majority for extracted oil of O. vulgare L., and carvacrol and γ-terpinene made up the majority of the commercial oil. Both essential oils of R. officinalis L. showed 1,8-cineole and α-pinene as major. The fungal isolates were susceptible to all tested essential oils, including in itraconazole-resistant S. brasiliensis isolates. The extracted and commercial oils of the plants presented in vitro anti-Sporothrix spp. activity, and they are promising for treatment of sporotrichosis, including in cases refractory to itraconazole. More studies should be performed about toxicity and in vivo efficacy for its safe use.Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim) e Origanum vulgare L. (orégano) são conhecidos pelas propriedades antimicrobianas, entretanto seus estudos na esporotricose são escassos. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a atividade anti-Sporothrix spp. de óleos extraídos e comerciais dessas plantas e analisar seus constituintes químicos. Isolados do complexo S. schenckii e S. brasiliensis (n: 25) de humanos, gatos, cães e solo, foram testados pela diretriz M27-A3 do CLSI com modificações para fitoterápicos. Os óleos de R. officinalis L. foram similares com CIM50 e CFM50 ≤2.25mg/mL para extraído; e 4.5mg/mL e 9mg/mL, respectivamente, para comercial. Ambos os produtos demonstraram CIM90 de 18mg/mL e CFM90 de 36mg/mL. Em O. vulgare L., o óleo extraído apresentou melhor atividade com CIM50 e CFM50≤2.25mg/mL e CIM90 e CFM90 de 4.5mg/mL, ao passo que o óleo comercial mostrou CIM50 e CFM50 de 9mg/mL; e CIM90 de 18mg/mL e CFM90 de 36mg/mL. Por meio da cromatografia gasosa (CG/FID), timol e α-terpineno foram majoritários para o óleo extraído de O. vulgare L., e carvacrol e γ-terpineno para o comercial. Ambos os óleos de R. officinalis L. apresentaram 1,8-cineol e α-pineno como prevalentes. Os isolados foram sensíveis a todos os óleos essenciais testados, inclusive S. brasiliensis, resistentes ao itraconazol. Os óleos extraídos e comerciais de R. officinalis L. e O. vulgare L. apresentaram atividade anti-Sporothrix spp. in vitro e são promissores para o tratamento da esporotricose, inclusive em casos refratários ao itraconazol. Mais estudos devem ser realizados sobre toxicidade e eficácia in vivo para seu uso seguro

Cytotoxicity and anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity of the Origanum majorana Linn. oil

The study aimed to evaluate the anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of the essential oil of Origanummajorana Linn. (marjoram), its chemical analysis, and its cytotoxic activity. A total of 18fungal isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis (n: 17) from humans, dogs and cats, and a standardstrain of Sporothrix schenckii (n: 1) were tested using the broth microdilution technique (Clin-ical and Laboratory Standard Institute – CLSI M27-A3) and the results were expressed inminimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). TheMIC50and MIC90of itraconazole against S. brasiliensis were 2 g/mL and 8 g/mL, respectively,and the MFC50and MFC90were 2 g/mL and >16 g/mL, respectively, with three S. brasilien-sis isolates resistant to antifungal. S. schenckii was sensitive at MIC of 1 g/mL and MFC of8 g/mL. For the oil of O. majorana L., all isolates were susceptible to MIC of ≤2.25–9 mg/mLand MFC of ≤2.25–18 mg/mL. The MIC50and MIC90were ≤2.25 mg/mL and 4.5 mg/mL, respec-tively, and the MFC50/90values were twice more than the MIC. Twenty-two compounds wereidentified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (CG-FID) and 1,8-cineoleand 4-terpineol were the majority. Through the colorimetric (MTT) assay, the toxicity wasobserved in 70–80% of VERO cells between 0.078 and 5 mg/mL. For the first time, the studydemonstrated the satisfactory in vitro anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of marjoram oil and furtherstudies are needed to ensure its safe and effective use

Análises químicas e citotóxicas de três variedades de própolis brasileiras (própolis verde, própolis jataí e própolis marrom) e sua atividade in vitro anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis

In this study, we described the antifungal activity of three Brazilian propolis extracts: brown, green and from jataí bees against Sporothrix brasiliensis. The extracts were obtained from ethanolic extraction and their chemical composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The cellular toxicity was measured in MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cells and quantified by the MTT assay (3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyl-2H bromine tetrazolato). For antifungal activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by broth microdilution. The results showed that cell toxicity was not observed at lower concentrations (0.097 to 0.39μg/ml) for all extracts in comparison to cell control. Among the chemical compounds identified, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and rutin were quantified. In antifungal activity, green and jataí did not exhibit activity against the isolates (MIC and MFC greater than 0.78mg/ml). However, all isolates of S. brasiliensis were sensitive to brown propolis (MIC of 0.09 to 0.78mg/ml), including the standard strain (P<0.001). Among the Brazilian propolis studied, the brown propolis showed activity against the S. brasiliensis isolates and more studies should be undertaken in order to evaluate its promising use in the treatment of sporotrichosis.Neste estudo, descreveu-se a atividade antifúngica de três extratos de própolis brasileiras: marrom, verde e de abelhas jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), contra Sporothrix brasiliensis. Os extratos foram obtidos de extração etanólica, e a sua composição química foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, acoplada à espectrometria de massa. A toxicidade celular foi medida em células MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney), avaliada por observação microscópica e quantificada pelo ensaio MTT (3- (4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-ilo -2,5-difenil-2H bromo tetrazolato). Para a atividade antifúngica, determinou-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) por meio de microdiluição em caldo. Os resultados mostraram que a toxicidade celular não foi observada em concentrações menores (0,097 a 0,39μg/ml). Entre os compostos químicos identificados, foram quantificados o ácido cafeico, ácido p-cumárico, ácido clorogênico, ácido ferúlico e a rutina. Na atividade antifúngica, as própolis verde e jataí não apresentaram atividade contra os isolados (CIM e CFM maior que 0,78mg/ml), porém todos os isolados de S. brasiliensis foram sensíveis à própolis marrom (CIM de 0,09 a 0,78mg/ml), incluindo a cepa padrão (P<0,001). Entre as própolis brasileiras estudadas, a marrom mostrou atividade contra S. brasiliensis, e mais estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar seu uso promissor no tratamento da esporotricose

Activities and mechanisms of oregano, marjoram and rosemary essential oils against Malassezia pachydermatitis isolates from canine and feline otitis

Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic yeast found in the ear canal of small animals; however, the current azole-based therapy applied to it has failed to achieve clinical success due to the antifungal resistance. This issue has encouraged the studies in natural products, such as Origanum vulgare (oregano), Origanum majorana (marjoram) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) essential oils, although their mechanism of action remains unclear. Malassezia pachydermatis specimens deriving from otitis cases in dogs (n = 22) and cats (n = 2) were subjected to CLSI M27-A3. Sorbitol protection and ergosterol effect were analyzed to investigate their mechanism of action. Fungistatic (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) activities were observed for oregano (MIC90/MFC90: 0.625 mg/mL); marjoram (MIC90/MFC90: 2.5 mg/mL) and rosemary MIC90/MFC90 > 2.5 mg/mL). Oregano showed superior antifungal effect even at lower MIC and MFC values. All three oils acted on cell wall and at complexation to fungal ergosterol. By gas chromatography (GC-FID), carvacrol was the major compound found in oregano (73.9%); 1,8-cineole was for marjoram and rosemary (20.9% and 49.4%, respectively). These findings support the potential use of these essential oils to treat canine and feline otitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis

Actividad in vitro de extractos de las variedades Arbequina y Picual de Olea europaea L. en contra Candida sp., Microsporum gypseum y Sporothrix brasiliensis

A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) é uma planta frutífera, nativa das regiões tropicais e temperadas e uma das mais antigas cultivadas. O uso de extratos vegetais de conhecida atividade antimicrobiana podem adquirir significado nos tratamentos terapêuticos. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a atividade antifúngica dos resíduos da indústria de Oliveiras (bagaço) na variedade Picual e de partes vegetativas de cultivares de oliveira (Olea europaea L.) das variedades Arbequina e Picual, frente à Candida spp., Microsporum gypseum e Sporothrix brasiliensis. A metodologia para os testes in vitro foi referenciada pelo documento M27-A3 preconizado pelo CLSI para as leveduras e M38-A2 para fungos filamentosos, adaptados para uso de fitoterápicos. A atividade antifúngica dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de folhas de Olea europaea L. se sobressaíram no resultado final, apresentando ação inibitória nas concentrações de 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml e 200 mg/ml, seguido do extrato aquoso de decocção nas mesmas concentrações. Os extratos hidroalcoólicos do bagaço da variedade Picual e das folhas das variedades Picual e Arbequina apresentaram atividade fungistática promissora frente aos isolados de Microsporum gypseum, apresentando CIM que variaram de 100 mg/ml a 200 mg/ml. Os resultados demonstram potencial desses extratos no tratamento da dermatofitose, porém mais estudos devem ser realizados frente as demais espécies de dermatófitos para comprovação de sua efetividade, além de testes de citotoxidade. Os extratos de infusão e hidroalcoólicos das folhas da variedade Picual apresentaram maior ação inibitória frente aos isolados de Candida spp. e Sporothrix brasiliensis apresentando parâmetros importantes para apontar os produtos como uma alternativa terapêutica.The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a fruit-bearing plant, native to tropical and temperate regions and one of the oldest cultivated. The use of plant extracts with known antimicrobial activity can acquire meaning in therapeutic treatments. The objective of this work is to evaluate the antifungal activity of residues from the olive industry (bagasse) in the Picual variety and of vegetative parts of olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.) of the Arbequina and Picual varieties, against Candida spp., Microsporum gypseum and Sporothrix brasiliensis. The methodology for the in vitro tests was referenced by the document M27-A3 recommended by the CLSI for yeasts and M38-A2 for filamentous fungi, adapted for the use of phytotherapics. The antifungal activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Olea europaea L. stood out in the final result, presenting inhibitory action at concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml, followed by the aqueous decoction extract at the same concentrations. The hydroalcoholic extracts of the bagasse of the Picual variety and the leaves of the Picual and Arbequina varieties showed promising fungistatic activity against the isolates of Microsporum gypseum, with CIM ranging from 100 mg/ml to 200 mg/ml. The results demonstrate the potential of these extracts in the treatment of dermatophytosis, but more studies should be carried out against other species of dermatophytes to prove their effectiveness, in addition to cytotoxicity tests. The infusion and hydroalcoholic extracts from the leaves of the Picual variety showed greater inhibitory action against Candida spp. and Sporothrix brasiliensis presenting important parameters to point out the products as a therapeutic alternative.El olivo (Olea europaea L.) es una planta frutal, originaria de las regiones tropicales y templadas y una de las más antiguas cultivadas. El uso de extractos de plantas con conocida actividad antimicrobiana puede adquirir significado en tratamientos terapéuticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la actividad antifúngica de residuos de la industria del olivo (bagazo) en la variedad Picual y de partes vegetativas de cultivares de olivo (Olea europaea L.) de las variedades Arbequina y Picual, frente a Candida spp., Microsporum gypseum y Sporothrix brasiliensis. La metodología para los ensayos in vitro estuvo referenciada por el documento M27-A3 recomendado por el CLSI para levaduras y M38-A2 para hongos filamentosos, adaptados para el uso de fitoterapéuticos. En el resultado final se destacó la actividad antifúngica de los extractos hidroalcohólicos de hojas de Olea europaea L., presentando acción inhibitoria a las concentraciones de 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml y 200 mg/ml, seguido del extracto acuoso en decocción al mismas concentraciones. Los extractos hidroalcohólicos del bagazo de la variedad Picual y de las hojas de las variedades Picual y Arbequina mostraron una prometedora actividad fungistática frente a los aislados de Microsporum gypseum, con CIM que oscilaron entre 100 mg/ml y 200 mg/ml. Los resultados demuestran el potencial de estos extractos en el tratamento de la dermatofitosis, pero se deben realizar más estudios contra otras especies de dermatofitos para comprobar su eficacia, además de pruebas de citotoxicidad. La infusión y los extractos hidroalcohólicos de las hojas de la variedad Picual mostraron mayor acción inhibidora frente a Candida spp. y Sporothrix brasiliensis presentando parâmetros importantes para señalar los productos como alternativa terapéutica